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Beijing is the country's economic, cultural and transportation center as well as a famous historical capital of China. Located in northwest North China Plain, Beijing is the second largest city in China with a population of more than 11 million and is ideal to visit all year. There are numerous museums and libraries with the largest collection of books in the country. It also serves as a center for science and technology. It is a hub of communications, with good railroad and air links with all parts of China and with major cities of the world, thus facilitating the rapid development of tourism as an important industry in Beijing. Beijing is an ancient city with a long cultural history. The four feudal dynasties--Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing had all set up their capital here and it became a most concentrated place of the country's scenic spots and historical sites. The best known are the Palace Museum, the Summer Palace, the Great Wall and the Temple of Heaven. Beijing aims to develop into a modern international metropolis.
The Forbidden City - Off-limits to the public through 24 emperors and nearly 500 years, the complex of imperial palaces, courts, museums and museums (totaling over 8,000 rooms) is Beijing's #1 attraction. A 30-foot-high wall and 20-foot-deep moat surround the city which, at 170 acres, is almost twice the size of the Kremlin and more than three times the size of Buckingham Palace. The Forbidden City's last stone was put in place in 1420 – a lifetime before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic.
Jing Shan Park - For the most scenic views of the Forbidden City, this is the place to come. The park features a tall, man-made hill created from soil moved in the Ming Dynasty construction of the moat which surrounds the Forbidden City. The hill's placement was chosen for its favorable position; according to feng shui precepts, it blocks the chilling winter winds from the north while offering an auspicious link to the Ming Tombs located in the city's northern suburbs.
Tiananmen Square - Through the years this 100-acre square has been the venue for both "staged events" (celebrations of steel production, tributes to Stalin, etc.) and "unstaged events" (1989 Tiananmen Square incident). Flanked by colossal, Soviet-era buildings and dotted with monuments, it was here in 1949 Mao Zedong proclaimed the foundation of the "People's Republic," and here where he was entombed 27 years later. By Beijing's timeline, Tiananmen ("Gate of Heavenly Peace") Square is a newcomer; created in the 1920s and expanded again in the late 1950s in time for the Republic's 10th anniversary.
The Great Wall - The Great Wall, (Wanli Changcheng) literally means the Ten Thousand Mile Wall, is a great fortification in ancient China. The section at Badaling is the most famous of all due to its proximity to Beijing City and condition of restoration. The imposing Badaling Great Wall climbs up and down, twists and turns along the high mountain ridges. It fully shows the lofty quality of ancient Chinese labor people. Badaling Great Wall, with more than 1000 meters above sea level, occupies a commanding and strategic position.
Temple of Heaven - Completed during the Ming Dynasty, the structure is often considered the quintessential Chinese temple as it incorporates some of the finest architectural talents found anywhere in the nation – and not a nail used anywhere! The emperor was considered a son of heaven, so this is where his celestial communications took place; where prayers to ancestors and the heavens sought favorable weather and bountiful harvests.
Summer Palace - Beijing's Summer Palace is within a park about the size of New York's Central Park but with at least one major difference: three quarters of its acreage is devoted to water. The three lakes within the Summer Palace grounds provide expansive views across to gardens, man-made hills and ceremonial halls. In the late 19th century, Dowager Empress Cixi nearly bankrupted the imperial treasury with her building (and re-building) of the park's gardens, bridges, lakes and ceremonial halls, but today all is forgiven – the Summer Palace is Beijing's most beautiful retreat!
Mansion of Prince Gong - This house and grounds, built by a high-ranking Manchu official, was visited – and coveted – by the late 18th century emperor, Qianlong. Appropriated by the jealous emperor for the mansion's illegal display of imperial motifs, it passed into imperial ownership. The emperor – a true patron of the arts – certainly had good taste. The mansion was later turned over to its namesake, one Prince Gong. Today it's recognized as one of China's most beautiful, complete and accurate depictions of Qing Dynasty design.
Hutongs - No visit to Beijing would be complete without time to tour the city's hutongs, or "alleyways." For centuries – including this one – thousands of residents have occupied courtyard-style compounds lining the hutongs. Presenting relatively stark walls to the hutong, their interiors open to a central courtyard surrounded by buildings; extended families or two or more unrelated families typically reside within each compound. Entry, by feng shui guidelines, is from the southeastern corner; the most northerly buildings within the surrounding walls are customarily occupied by the eldest in the family members or the eldest family group.
Xiangshan Park - Xiangshan Park was called Jingyi (Tranquillity) Park in ancient times. It is a mountain forest park, which utilizes the natural environment with artificial embellishment. Every pavilion, terrace, tower, pagoda, hall, loft, hill stone is made suitable for the requirement of natural scenery. Beautiful environment of the nature and various buildings at different layers are made in accordance with each other’s beauty, appearing in very harmonious grace. The red maples are the picturesque scenery known far and near. Some leaves of pine, cypress, persimmon and white birch dot the scene, inlaying green and yellow with red like a natural embroidery.
Additional Sights & Attractions - As any capital city will boast, Beijing is a city of museums. Some are included in your tour itinerary; some can be explored during your trip's free time. The China National Museum, adjacent to Tiananmen Square is one; others include the Beijing Natural History Museum, the National Art Museum of China, and the Ancient Observatory.
Centuries ago many large Chinese cities were encompassed by protective walls. Beijing had two: an outer and inner wall, each with watchtower gates. Today little of the walls remain and just three gates survive – all victims of 1950s and 1960s road construction projects. But within the outer wall's gate is the excellent Red Gate Gallery featuring contemporary works of art.
The big draw at the Beijing Zoo is the Panda exhibit and an excellent salt water aquarium. And temples! Beijing's temples are striking: the Lama Temple with its 55-foot Buddha carved from a block of sandalwood; the tranquil Confucius Temple; and the Fayuan Temple, perhaps Beijing's oldest Buddhist temple.
And there's more to Beijing than meets the eye! Below ground, below the streets, temples and museums travels an immense network of passageways and rooms – all bombproof sanctuaries or escape routes constructed during the not-so-friendly Sino-Soviet years of the 1960s and 1970s. Tours offer a glimpse of the labyrinth, called the "Underground City."
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